Texts
- The Problem of Learning
- Problemistics Courseware
- Corso su Problemistica
- Resources Management
- Manuale/Intellettuale
- Campagna/Città
Problemistics - Problémistique - Problemistica
The Art & Craft of Problem Dealing
Structures
Definition (Reference Books)
Definition (Lancelot L. Whyte)
Definition (Siegfried Frederick Nadel)
Definition (Russell L. Ackoff and Fred E. Emery)System and Structure (Walter Buckley)
Reference Books
[1914] The Encyclopaedic Dictionary (Cassel & Company)
“The arrangement of the parts in a whole, as of the elements of a sentence or paragraph; the arrangement of the constituent particles of any substance or body.”
[1974] The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
“Structure: 1. A complex entity; 2a. Organization, arrangement; 2b. Constitution, make-up; 3. Something constructed, esp. a building or part.”
[1954] Larousse de Poche
"Manière dont les parties d'un tout sont arrangées entre elles."
[1986] Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential
“The manner in which the different parts composing a whole are disposed in relation to each other at a given moment.” (KC0266)
Books
[1965] Lancelot L. Whyte in Gyorgy Kepes (editor), Structure in Art and in Science
“Structure ... is ... a definite arrangement, static or changing, of localizable parts, such as a pattern of points.” ("Atomism, Structure and Form", p. 21)
[1957] Siegfried Frederick Nadel, The Theory of Social Structure
"Structure is a property of empirical data - of objects, events or series of events - something they exhibit or prove to possess on observation or analysis; and the data are said to exhibit structure inasmuch as they exhibit a definable articulation, an ordered arrangement of parts."
"When describing structure ... we define the positions relative to one another of the components parts." (p. 7)
"The parts composing any structure can vary widely in their concrete character without changing the identity of the structure."
"Structure indicates an ordered arrangement of parts, which can be treated as transposable, being relatively invariant, while the parts themselves are variable." (p. 8)
[1972] Russell L. Ackoff and Fred E. Emery, On Purposeful Systems
“Structure is a very general concept that includes geometric, kinematic, mechanical, physical and morphological concepts.” (p. 16)
[1967] Walter Buckley, Sociology and Modern Systems Theory
“A system , as a continuous, boundary-maintaining, variously related assembly of parts, is not to be confused with the structure or organization its components may take on at any particular time .” (Chapter 1, p. 5)